Abstract
Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of the engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on a comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. The composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as a single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio, and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent, it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid treatment. Results from the flashpoint, pour point, viscosity, specific gravity, and ash percentage were improved at different degrees, but the best results were seen by using the composite solvent with having the drawback of expensiveness.
1.Introduction
Large quantity of used engine oils from different sources is disposed as a harmful waste into the environment in Pakistan, and disposal of used oil in the Arabian Sea, rivers, and lakes in the environment creates series of problems; their disposals in water bodies not only contaminate water but are also harmful to freshwater and marine life. Roughly one gallon of used engine oil would contaminate one million gallons of water including fauna and flora.
Lubricant oil is used in automobile engines to lubricate moving parts of the engine, reducing friction, protect, against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosive and cooling agent. It picks up a number of impurities and additional components from engine wear. These components include metal particles (iron, steel, copper, lead, zinc, etc.) and other compounds of barium, sulfur, water, dirt, burnt carbon, and ash, most of them are highly toxic in nature; therefore these contaminants must be separated in order to reuse the engine oil.
So many additives are used in engine oil for preventing unwanted properties. The main additives for engine oil are oxidation inhibitor, pour point depressants, colorings agent, anti-corrosion agents, and so forth. Recycling of spent lubricating oils mostly depends on the nature of the oil base stock and on the nature and amount of contaminants in the lubricant resulting from operations. The contaminants are introduced both from the surrounding air and from the engine.
2.Properties of Engine Oil
(i) Viscosity. Viscosity analysis shows the presence of different types of contamination in used engine oil. The products of oxidation and polymerization (these products can be both dissolved and suspended) in the oil cause increase the viscosity of used engine oil, while a decrease in the viscosity of engine oil shows the fuel contamination.
(ii) Pour Point. Pour point may be defined as the lowest temperature at which the oil will stop to flow. Lubricating oil having low pour pint shows its good quality.
(iii) Flash Point. Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which the vapors in air will burn momentarily if ignited by flame or spark. A decrease in flashpoint indicates contamination by dilution of lubricating oils with unburned fuel. Increasing of the flashpoint indicates the evaporation of the light components from the lubricating oil.
(iv) Acidity or Neutralization Number. This is also one of the important chemical properties. It shows the amount of alkali required to neutralize the unit mass of the oil. Normally it increases due to oxidation of lubricating oil.
(v) Ash Content. When the lubricating oil is completely burned, the remaining solid is called ash and it shows the oil purity.
(vi) Carbon or Coking Test. This evaluates the solid residue obtained when the oil is heated to complete vaporization and it refers to the amount of deposit formed.
(vii) Water Content. This test is done by distillation and indicates the amount of water emulsified in the oil.
(viii) Fuel Contaminants. It is an amount of fuel (diesel, petrol, etc.) diluting in the lubricating oil during automotive operation.
(xi) Cloud and Pour Points. Cloud point is the temperature at which paraffinic wax and other oils are cooled under a given condition. Pour point is not a measure of the temperature at which the oil ceases to flow under the service conditions of a specific system. It is very important to users of lubricants in low-temperature environments.
3.Materials and Method
3.1. Collection of Used Engine Oil
Samples of used engine oil of heavy vehicles, light vehicles, and blended oil were collected from the transport office of PCSIR-KLC Karachi.
3.2. Experimental Work
Studies have been carried out utilizing the two different approaches, extraction and acid treatment, respectively, after the dehydration and removal of light fuels by vacuum distillation of waste engine oil at 2–8 m Bar. The apparatus of vacuum distillation was set as shown in Figure 1.
The first approach considered the function of solvent extraction that was divided into two subfunctions; single solvent extraction and multicomponent solvent extraction butanol 38%, propanol 37%, and butanone 25% were used to form a composite solvent then that was mixed with oil in the ratio (oil : composite solvent) of 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4 in that order. The obtained sludge was separated after 12 hours. Solvents were recovered by vacuum distillation and remaining materials as required products completely analyzed. The second approach was consisting of mixing the raw material and sulfuric acid with a ratio of 10 : 1 (oil : acid) at 60°C. That acidified material was neutralized with caustic soda of 20% solution and filtered to remove precipitate in the result of neutralization. The filtration gave clear liquid containing the required product that was analyzed.
In order to collect data of products with respect to two different methods of chemical process engineering, samples were sent to PCSIR Laboratories Complex Karachi for the validation and verification of results.
4.Results and Discussion
4.1. Flash Point
The flashpoints of samples were analyzed by an open cup flash point apparatus by ASTM D97. A beaker containing 10 mL of sample was placed on Bunsen Burner, which was fitted with a thermometer. A flame source was brought at intervals to determine the temperature at which a flash appears on the surface of the sample while the lube oil in the beaker was heated.
The flashpoint of fresh lube oil is 200°C, for used engine oil flashpoint is 120°C, in extraction by composite solvent treatment method flashpoint is 150°C, extraction by single solvent treatment 130°C, and acid treatment method flashpoint is 180°C as shown in Figure 2. Lowering the value of the flashpoint of used engine oil is because of the presence of light fuels. However, the flashpoint of extraction by composite solvent and acid treatment is suitable.
4.2. Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of treated oil samples was analyzed by the digital hydrometer of Thermo-Hygro. The specific gravity of fresh engine oil was 0.90, while the specific gravity of used engine oil was 0.93. the result of the specific gravity for the composite solvent extraction treatment is 0.88, the specific gravity of single solvent extraction treatment is 0.858, and a specific gravity of acid treatment is 0.909 as shown in Figure 3. We found that the value of the specific gravity of used engine oil is more for recycled oil by different methods. It could be lower or higher than fresh engine oil depending on the nature and type of contaminations.
4.3. Viscosity
Kinetic viscosity of used engine oil can be increased due to oxidation or contamination, while it may also be decreased due to dilution with light fuels (diesel or petrol). Viscosity of fresh lube oil is 90 cP, used engine oil 120 cP, which shows presence of contaminations in used engine oil, where the viscosity values of refined engine oils by composite solvent method, single solvent method, and acid treatment method are 94 cp, 98 cP, and 92 cP, respectively. Figure 4 shows that the used oil has high viscosity due to contaminations. The acid treatment method has an advantage over others.
4.4. Pour Point
Pour points of samples were analyzed by the pour point apparatus by ASTM D97 in which 20 mL of samples of oil were introduced into a test tube, and then the samples were highly cooled at specific rate. The temperature at which certain hydrocarbons (Paraffin) began to convert into a crystalline form called the cloud point. On further cooling, the oil samples stopped to flow, and that temperature was called the pour point of that oil. By this way cloud point and pour point of used and re-refined engine oil were analyzed.
Pour point of lube oil may be decreased and increased, depending on the nature of the lube oil method of refining. The result chart in Figure 5 shows that the pour point of fresh oil is −8°C and used engine oil is −30°C. This decrease in pour point is because of the degradations of additives, which were present in fresh oil as pour point depressants. Pour Point values of refined engine oils by composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment are −15°C, −18°C, and −11°C, respectively. These results show that the two methods (i.e., acid treatment and extraction by the composite solvent) are comparatively better than the single solvent extraction method.
4.5. Ash Percentage
From experiment result it was found that the percentage of ash in fresh oil is 0.01%, percentage of ash in used engine oil is 2.02%, percentage of refined oil by Composite extraction is 0.09%, in single solvent treatment 0.15% ash was found, and acid treatment method gave 0.04% ash in refined oil as shown in Figure 6. The acid treatment method and extraction by composite solvents have an advantage over single solvent extraction treatment.
4.6. Iron Contents
Iron contamination of oil samples was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.
Also, 10 mL of samples of oil in Pt-dish and 3-4 mL of concentrated H2SO4 dropwise were added in it and heated it over low flame till dryness. Drying took 28 hours. After drying the dish was placed in a furnace at 700°C, and after that 5–10 mL of HCL was added in it and made the solution of the sample in D-water.
The block of any engine is mostly made of iron, aluminum, and lead, and during the combustion in the engine chamber of any fuel, the tinny parts of these metals are found in used engine oil in parts per million. The wear of these metals in an engine chamber is because of corrosion caused due to water and aided by dilution of fuel and it is because of bad piston rings. Figure 7 shows the iron contamination reduced by composite solvent from 50 to 13 pm, by single solvent 30 ppm, and by acid treatment, it is reduced up to 15 ppm.
5.Conclusions
On the basis of experimental work, it is found that all methods effectively removed contaminants from used lubricating base oil and returned the oil to a quality essentially equivalent to oils produced by fresh lube oil stocks. Extraction by the composite solvent is one of the best methods of recycling but having the drawback of the expensiveness of solvents used in recycling. After extraction by the composite solvent method, on the basis of experimental work, acid treatment method is the second-best method. The acid treatment method is much cheaper than extraction by the composite solvent method. The main drawback of acid treatment is a high acid value which creates a series of environmental problems.
